Giant African Snail
Giant African snail (GAS), giant African land snail, kalutara snail was first introduced to Hawaii in 1936; and later introduced to the continental USA in 1966.
Imported as pets and for educational purposes; may also arrive accidentally in cargo. Agricultural and garden pest; attacks and feeds on hundreds of different plant species.
Florida Agriculture Commissioner Nikki Fried and the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS) Division of Plant Industry (DPI), along with the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), announced the eradication of the giant African land snail (GALS) from Broward and Miami-Dade counties.
This eradication announcement marks only the second time this pest has been eradicated in the world, both in South Florida.
For the past 11 years, the FDACS Division of Plant Industry has worked toward eradication through multiple rounds of visual surveys and inspections, K-9 detector dog surveys and inspections, manual collection and treatment programs.
In total, 168,538 snails were collected from 32 core population areas comprised of thousands of properties. The giant African land snail is a highly invasive agricultural pest, known to feed on over 500 varieties of plants.
They also pose a risk to humans and animals by carrying rat lung worm, a parasite that can cause meningitis in humans. Both the USDA and DPI will continue to remain vigilant in their commitments to safeguard American agriculture through surveys, early detection, and rapid response.
Meningitis is an infection and inflammation of the fluid and membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. These membranes are called meninges. The inflammation from meningitis typically triggers symptoms such as headache, fever and a stiff neck.
Most cases of meningitis in the USA are caused by a viral infection. But bacteria, parasites and fungi also can cause it. Some cases of meningitis improve without treatment in a few weeks. Others can cause death and require emergency antibiotic treatment.Seek immediate medical care if you suspect that you or someone in your family has meningitis. Early treatment of bacterial meningitis can prevent serious complications. Early meningitis symptoms may be similar to the flu. Symptoms may develop over several hours or over a few days.
USDA National Invasive Species Information Center / Crickey Conservation Society 2022.
The Best Place in the Andes Mountains to visit in Peru is Machu Picchu
South America has countless landscapes and tourist destinations to look at, among them the ruins of Lost City or Machu Picchu, for which there is the eternal debate about which one is better to pay a visit.
And although there is no one better than the other, as there is no comparison between them, you can always choose the one that best suits your travel plan.
The Lost City and Machu Picchu are more than 2000 km apart and are located in two completely different countries, so you may not plan to visit both during the same trip.
If you are planning to travel to Peru, Machu Picchu will have to be your mandatory stop. And if you are planning to travel to Colombia, your compulsory visit will be to Lost City.
Although there are several ways to get to both places, it is true that the options for getting to Machu Picchu are more original and varied. As for how to get to Lost City, the options are a little more limited as only guided tours are available.
Llamas seem to graze everywhere in Peru’s mountains, but none of them are quite as memorable as the herd at Choquequirao, a sprawling pre-Columbian archaeological complex in the southern Andes.
Here, white rocks embedded in the walls of gray schist stone terraces depict two dozen llamas, impressing tourists and archaeologists alike.
Choquequirao, or Choque to locals, is a cousin to the more visited Machu Picchu. Built by the Inca, it includes ceremonial halls, chambers that once held mummies, intricate farming terraces, and hundreds of buildings where ancient peoples worked and lived.
The llamas—in a perpetual procession toward the ruin’s central plaza where their real-life relatives would have been sacrificed—are the star attraction. Choquequirao is accessible only by foot (human or mule).
The route to the 10,000-foot-high Choquequirao is not for the faint-hearten. It takes most hikers two or three days to trek there and back, along a 39-mile trail that often hugs the cliff-side as the Apurímac River rages below. The route is strewn with rocks and lined with thorny branches.
Choquequirao, translated as cradle of gold in Peru’s Indigenous Quechua language, sits along a route used by pre-Columbian people to move between Andean peaks and jungle lowlands.
Both it and Machu Picchu (27 miles northeast) were mapped in the 1910’s by American explorer Hiram Bingham, who led four expeditions to the area sponsored by Yale University and the National Geographic Society.
The two sites have evolved quite differently since Bingham’s mapping efforts. By the 1920’s, Machu Picchu was heralded (incorrectly) as a lost city causing a spike in tourism. The terraced complex became Peru’s postcard to the world, a mountaintop citadel accessible by trail or by a train-bus combination.
In 1983, it was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage list, and the number of travelers increased further. In the first six months of 2022, the site attracted nearly 413,000 visitors, according to Peru’s Trade and Tourism Ministry.
Choquequirao, in contrast, only received 2,353 trekkers in the first half of this year. That’s not the only difference. While most visitors to Machu Picchu transit through the small town of Aguas Calientes (also known as Machu Picchu Pueblo), with its plentiful food and lodging, the route to Choquequirao lacks many creature comforts. Getting there is, as many prefer, an adventure.
As with Machu Picchu, Choquequirao shows the progression of Inca construction techniques, beginning with simple stone structures and evolving to finely hew massive blocks that interlock like puzzle pieces.
The heart of Choquequirao, with its mummy niches and ceremonial sacrifice platform, is smaller than what tourists see at Machu Picchu, but the complex itself is much larger.
Choquequirao’s size and remoteness mean that much of the site has never been excavated. Nelson Sierra, who operates a high-mountain trekking company, Ritisuyo, points to vine-covered elevations rising beyond the central clearing.
They are not small hills, but collapsed structures reclaimed by dense vegetation. “So much work is still needed here, but restoring it all would be a massive job.
As trekkers approach the ruins, the first thing they see are terraces, step-like platforms that turn hillsides into arable land, still used by farmers in highland Peru. Choquequirao has miles and miles of them, most still buried. The terraces stretch from the top of the ruins nearly a mile down toward the Apurímac River.
Work on the terraces led archaeologists to the stone llamas. Their white stone bodies stand in stark contrast with the gray walls, suggesting depth and dimension.
They reflect the sunlight when the rays first hit them each morning. Echevarría says the llama terraces may have been built as a symbolic offering to the sun god even when no actual live animals were available for sacrifice.
Many myths exist around Choquequirao,” says Echevarría. Indeed, Bingham and a number of explorers and researchers have floated theories about Choquequirao’s origins, its relationship to other ruins, and the role it played during the Inca Empire.
First, there’s a foundation myth holding that Manco Inca, the 15th-century Inca resistance leader, holed up in the citadel here for part of the 40 years he waged a guerrilla war against the Spanish invaders.
It is a nice story, but it has nothing to do with reality, says Echevarría. I have no doubt that Manco Inca was in Choquequirao, like he was at Machu Picchu, but it was not built for the resistance.
Samuel Quispe, who has worked as a guard, guide, and restorer at Choquequirao since the 1990s, posits that the complex was built by the Chanca, rivals to the Inca in the neighboring Apurímac region in the 14th and 15th centuries.
Echevarría disputes that theory, believing the majority of the structures went up during the expansion of the Inca Empire in the 15th century.
Former first lady of Peru Eliane Karp was instrumental in securing financial assistance to ramp up the restoration of Choquequirao in 2002. Now, she and her husband, former President Alejandro Toledo, are under suspicion for alleged corruption.
While none of the allegations relates to Choquequirao, the controversy has thrown everything the couple did while in power into question. Rumors abound that Karp helicoptered into Choquequirao to fly out crates of golden artifacts.
Karp did not cart off gold, but she did push for a cable car to access Choquequirao. In theory, the tramway could be good for Peruvian tourism and local economies. But it continues to politically divide communities, archaeologists, and politicians who must approve its funding.
An argument by design, and one that has raged around Machu Picchu, is the impact of tourists on the ruins. In 2016, UNESCO threatened to put Machu Picchu on a “danger” list because to block the number of visitors?
A cable car system would not only bring more visitors to Choquequirao, but also the sort of infrastructure that might damage the fragile site. Some complain that mass access to the sacred site could spoil its remote, undiscovered appeal—and the grassroots tourism outfits that now bring people here.
Melchora Puga, who offers lodging and a restaurant in Chiquisca on the Apurímac side of the trail, worries the cable car would force her and others to abandon their way of life.
Quispe, now a semi-retired mule driver, says the cable car would eliminate the livelihoods of a range of service providers whose businesses would be bypassed by a quick cable car ride.
One of his seven children, José Luis, is a mule driver, while another works for the government project restoring more of Choquequirao’s terraces. The family runs a small store and campground in Cocamasana along the trail.
The trek to Choquequirao is rigorous, and while it can be done in two days, a minimum of three is recommended to spend quality time at the ruins. The altitude begins at 10,000 feet at the trailhead and goes up and down (as low as 3,000 feet).
This can be a factor for many trekkers, particularly those who haven’t adjusted yet. The first day you’ll trek from Cachora straight down to Chiquisca (6,020 feet), close to the Apurímac River. Lodging, food, and drink are available.
You can overnight in Chiquisca or continue to the campground at Santa Rosa (6,200 feet), or to Marampata (9,400 feet), which also offers rooms and food. Choquequirao is about a two-hour hike from Marampata.
Tours, including porters and mule teams, are widely available to escort you from Cusco to Choquequirao and back. Seasoned trekkers utilize the four sites along the trail offering food, beverage, bathrooms, and lodgings.
A three-day tour with a porter runs around $700 per person. If you go solo, there is a $15 entrance fee.
National Geographic / ABC Flash Point News 2022.
Terracotta Army of Shi Huangdi, first Emperor of China
The Terracotta Army refers to the thousands of life-size clay models of soldiers, horses, and chariots which were deposited around the grand mausoleum of Shi Huangdi, first emperor of China and founder of the Qin dynasty, located near Lishan in Shaanxi Province, central China.
The purpose of the army was likely to act as guardian figures for the tomb or to serve their ruler in the next life. The site was discovered in 1974 CE, and the realistic army figures provide a unique insight into ancient Chinese warfare from weapons to armor or chariot mechanics to command structures.
Shi Huangdi was desperate for immortality, and in the end, his terracotta army of over 7000 warriors, 600 horses, and 100 chariots has given him just that, at least in name and deed. The site of the mausoleum is a UNESCO World Heritage Site even if the inner tomb itself has yet to be excavated.
Shi Huangdi (also known as Shi Huangti) was the king of the Qin state, who unified China from 221 BCE and then founded the Qin dynasty. He ruled as China’s first emperor until his death in 210 BCE.
His reign was short but packed full of incidents, most of them infamous enough to earn Shi Huangdi a lasting reputation as a megalomaniac despot.
The period saw the building of the Great Wall of China, the infamous Burning of the Books, where thousands of literary and philosophical works were destroyed, and the construction of a sumptuous royal palace.
The emperor seems to have been especially keen on acquiring immortality, a quest no doubt given further motivation by his survival of three assassination attempts.
Scientists were given the task of discovering life-prolonging elixirs, and young emissaries were sent across the Eastern Sea in search of the fabled Penglai, land of the immortals.
Failing in these endeavors to unnaturally prolong his life Shi Huangdi fell back on the age-old standby of autocratic rulers and had a huge mausoleum built instead. In fact, the whole massive project was begun in the early years of his reign as it required a prodigious amount of work to get it ready.
An administrative district was established at the site with 30,000 families forcibly relocated there and given the task of building the biggest tomb ever seen in China’s history or anyone else’s.
Eventually, no doubt as Huangdi realized time was running short, hundreds of thousands of forced laborers were sent to push the project to completion. One way or another, Shi Huangdi was going to be remembered long after his reign. The Terracotta Army seems to have achieved that goal.
The mausoleum of Shi Huangdi, actually an entire multi-burial complex which covers an incredible 35 to 60 square kilometers, was discovered in 1974 CE buried at the foot of the artificial Mt. Li near Lishan (modern Lintong), 50 km east of the Qin capital Xianyang in Shaanxi Province, central China.
The tomb itself remains excavated but its spectacular army of terracotta defenders has, in part, been revealed and already earned the site the title of “Greatest Tomb in the World”.
The tumulus of the buried tomb takes the form of a three-stepped pyramid, measures an impressive 1,640 meters in circumference, 350 meters along each side, and rising to a height of 60 meters. The whole is surrounded by a double wall.
Legend has it that the tomb contains vast riches but includes fiendish traps to ensure Huangdi rests forever in peace. The traps and the interior were described by the historian Sima Qian (146-86 BCE).
More than 700,000 convict laborers from the world were sent there. They dug through three springs, poured in liquid bronze, and secured the sarcophagus. Houses, officials, unusual and valuable things were moved in to fill it. He [Shi Huangdi] ordered artisans to make crossbows triggered by mechanisms.
Anyone passing before them would be shot immediately. They used mercury to create rivers, the Jiang and the He, and the great seas, wherein the mercury was circulated mechanically. On the ceiling were celestial bodies and on the ground geographical features. (Shelach-Lavi, 318).
The floor map with its geographical models and painted universe ceiling were symbolic of the emperor’s status as Son of Heaven and God‘s ruler on earth.
Qian also notes that members of Huangdi’s harem were entombed with their dead emperor and many craftsmen and laborers, too, in order to keep the fabulous wealth of Huangdi’s grave goods a secret for all time.
Besides infantry, the army includes 600 horses and almost 100 chariots which carry officers and riders and have either a two, three, or four-horse team. The soldiers were set in regular rows and are depicted in different postures – most are standing while some are crouching.
Their mix and particular arrangement of officers (slightly taller than everyone else with their general being tallest of all), cavalry, crossbowmen, skirmishers, archers, charioteers, and grooms give the illusion of a complete battlefield army ready for action.
There are light infantry units with archers positioned at the flanks and front, the heavy infantry behind them, while chariots bring up the rear with their officers, matching the troop deployments mentioned in ancient military treatises.
The scale of the enterprise must have required a huge quantity of firewood to fuel the pottery kilns that made the figures, not to mention the countless tons of clay from local deposits needed to make figures weighing up to 200 kilos each.
Besides the breathtaking finished result, the undertaking was a triumph of organization and planning.
Other non-terracotta artifacts discovered at the site as archaeologists work their way ever-closer to the central tomb area include half-size bronze and wood chariots pulled by teams of four bronze horses.
And also bronze sculptures of birds, notably 3 very fine cranes, 20 swans, and 20 geese, all set up by a 60-metre long pond to recreate a river scene.
There is a replica of a stable, foundations of temple structures, and pottery storage jars within a granary building. There is an armory measuring 100 x 130 meters packed with hundreds of replicas of armor and helmets, each piece meticulously made from hundreds of small stone pieces.
There are tombs of other royal family members and high-ranking officials and statues representing them, including one tomb of a court acrobat. Then there is a long list of real objects, not simply models.
These include 31 exotic birds and animals each buried in their own wood coffin, real horses (300 in one pit alone) and the skeletons of over one hundred humans with accompanying bronze plaques indicating they were laborers and convicts who died while working on the tomb.
All of these items taken collectively, along with their particular layout and the idea of the map and sky of the inner tomb, were designed to demonstrate that China’s first emperor ruled, if not the whole world, then certainly the central and most important part of it in Chinese eyes.
World History Encyclopedia / Crickey Conservation Society 2022.
Tiahuanaco @ Lake Titicaca in Bolivia
Tiwanacu, also spelled Tiahuanaco, isa major pre-Columbian civilization known from ruins of the same name that are situated near the southern shore of Lake Titicaca in Bolivia. The main Tiwanaku site was added to UNESCO’s World Heritage List in 2000.
Some scholars date the earliest remains found at the site to the early part of the Early Intermediate Period (c. 200 bc–ad 200); others suggest that the culture is evident in artifacts from the 2nd millennium before Christ.
Probably much of the site, including many of the major buildings, dates from the latter half of the Early Intermediate Period (ad 200–600); some construction, however, must have continued into the Middle Horizon (ad 600–1000), for during this period Tiahuanaco influences are seen at Huari (Wari) and elsewhere in the central and southern Andes.
The principal buildings of Tiahuanaco include the Akapana Pyramid, a huge platform mound or stepped pyramid of earth faced with cut andesite; a rectangular enclosure known as the Kalasasaya, constructed of alternating tall stone columns and smaller rectangular blocks; and another enclosure known as the Palacio.
A notable feature of the Kalasasaya is the monolithic Gateway of the Sun, which is adorned with the carved central figure of a staff-carrying Doorway God and other subsidiary figures, sometimes referred to as angels or winged messengers.
A great number of freestanding carved stone figures have also been found at the site. Characteristic pottery is a flared beaker form, painted with black, white, and light red representations of pumas, condors, and other creatures on a dark red ground color.
It has been speculated that the people who built the splendid Tiwanacu complex, whose culture had vanished by ad 1200, were the ancestors of the present-day Aymara Indians of highland Bolivia.
In the late 20th century, archaeologists discovered new information concerning the Tiwanacu site.
Formerly thought to have been largely a ceremonial site, the Puma Punku since has been revealed as a once-bustling metropolis, the capital of one of the greatest and most enduring of ancient civilizations; nonetheless, relatively little is known about it.
Tiahuanaco influence @ Lake Titicaca was in great measure a result of its remarkable agricultural system. This farming method, known as the raised-field system, consisted of raised planting surfaces separated by small irrigation ditches, or canals.
This system was designed in such a way that the canals retained the heat of the intense sunlight during frosty nights on the Altiplano and thus kept the crops from freezing. Algae and aquatic plants that accumulated in the canals were used as organic fertilizer on the raised fields.
During the height of its power, Tiahuanaco dominated or influenced large portions of what are now eastern and southern Bolivia, northwestern Argentina, northern Chile, and southern Peru.
The revived use of the raised-field system by some Bolivian farmers in the late 20th century resulted in increased agricultural production.
The document was adopted by UNESCO in 1972 and formally took effect in 1975 after having been ratified by 20 countries. It provides a framework for international cooperation in preserving and protecting cultural treasures and natural areas throughout the world.
Britannica / Crickey Conservation Society 2022.
Like in many other regions of the World, Caribbean Coral Reefs are disappearing
Coral reefs form some of the most diverse ecosystems on the planet. But, for most of us, they are hidden from view. We are blind to how these ecosystems might be changing.
Coral reefs face a number of threats – most of them are increasing with human pressure. One of the most pressing is coral bleaching: potentially fatal events caused by our warming oceans.
Corals are animals that belong to the phylum of cnidarians – a group of more than 11,000 water-based animals. Most live in marine environments. Corals use calcium carbonate in waters to build a hard exoskeleton.
But the key to their success is their symbiotic relationship with algae. They contain microscopic algae called zooxanthellae that photosynthesize (just like any other plant would), providing corals with the majority of their energy. Corals wouldn’t be able to survive without them.
This important relationship can be disrupted when corals are put under stress. One of the biggest stressors is warmer temperatures. When exposed to warmer waters, corals expel their algal symbionts, meaning they lose their source of energy. Without their algae, corals turn pale; this is why this process is called ‘bleaching’.
It should seem obvious why coral bleaching is a growing concern for the world’s coral reefs. With climate change, the global average temperature is rising. We often think about atmospheric or terrestrial temperatures, but our oceans are warming too.
The global average sea surface temperature has increased by around 1°C since 1850.19 Importantly, the peak temperatures in summer – when bleaching events are most likely to occur – has also increased in recent decades.
Coral propagation by fragmentation is a restoration technique that Bonaire project began with in 2012. This method is based on the asexual reproduction of corals and allows us to harness the natural process of fragmentation to propagate large numbers of corals.
It enables Bonaire to produce thousands of corals without harming the wild populations. By utilizing fragmentation, we can quickly restore coral populations using a well-established approach that has been used for years by reef restoration programs worldwide.
Nurseries which are distributed among several locations on the leeward side of Bonaire and Klein Bonaire can host over 15,000 corals. Each coral morphology is different and therefore there is no “one size fits all” approach. Depending on the species, corals are either hung from the branches of the trees or secured on trays.
Corals are selected in the nursery to be out-planted to the reef once they are “reef-ready”. This means their age, size, and overall health, makes them better-suited for survival when exposed to stressors that exist in greater abundance outside of a nursery environment.
Genetically diverse corals are then tagged, taken to a selected restoration site, and out-planted back to the reef, using various methods. Depending upon the species of coral and the environmental conditions of the reef, a variety of out-planting methods are used.
Like in many other regions of the world, coral reefs in the Arabian Peninsula, Pacific and the Caribbean have been subject to an increasing intensity of disturbances in the recent years.
According to a leading environment expert, a rise in the of temperature of the water has had a negative effect on the ecosystem in the region including Arabian Gulf and the Sea of Oman.
As a result, 90% of coral reefs in this region have been bleached and are dying. The forest of the Arabian Gulf/Oman Sea ecological region include part of the southwest and all southern coast covering 2.039.964 hectares.
While in the Sea of Oman area, which includes a part Hormozgan province to Sistan-Baluchistan (border of Iran and Pakistan), Mesquites and acacia species are the main vegetation covers. Gum Arabic tree, used in boat production, are scattered in this area.
Mangrove forest which consists of two species of grey mangroves and loop-root mangroves, are also spread in this area. The mangrove forest habitat is located between the tides of the seas.
Experts believe that that urban and industrial effluents from desalination plants increase the salinity of the Arabian Sea, in addition to climate change, which has destroyed coral reefs as sea water gets warmer, while the habitat and breeding ground 75% of marine species is among the coral reefs.
Crickey Conservation Society 2022.
Indonesia Orangutan Jungle School
Deforestation is the greatest threat to the orangutan’s survival, and a great percentage of deforestation is set in motion to convert the land to oil palm cultivation.
The rain forest, the natural habitat of the orangutan, is cleared for the benefit of plantations that can produce cheap vegetable oil for the rest of the world. Today, 92% of the world’s collective consumption of palm oil comes from two countries: Indonesia and Malaysia.
The demand for palm oil is increasing, both in Indonesia and globally. For instance, Denmark imports more than 150,000 tons of palm oil annually despite an intensified international focus on the environmental consequences of palm oil.
Palm oil as a vegetable oil is added in food, cleaning materials, and several other products. Palm oil is the most common vegetable oil in the world, and Europe has gradually increased the use of palm oil in biodiesel in the last few years.
Half of the Borneo’s rain forests are cleared to benefit the palm oil industry and its sub-groups. The deforestation leaves the Orangutan and thousands of other species without a home. Consequently, their ability to survive is affected greatly.
The Orangutans are isolated within small enclaves of the rain=forests, unable to forage for food and too close to humans. Additionally, the forest is often burnt after having been cleared. This can start uncontrollable forest fires, which destroy even more of the forest and damage the climate.
The problem is not the oil palm plantations or the palm oil in themselves, except for chopping down the oxygen supply as an alternative for diesel fuel for the profit-based automotive industry.
The problem is rather the destruction of the rain forest, and thus the orangutan’s habitat, for the benefit of palm oil production. In terms of the orangutan’s survival, a paradox exists in that the orangutan is protected but its rain forest home is not?
The Orangutan Jungle School series will take viewers on a roller coaster ride of the adventures, trials and tribulations, heartaches, fun, friends, failures and successes of all the orangutans who attend the BOS Foundation’s unique school in a Borneo jungle in Central Kalimantan Indonesia.
They are all orphans of murdered Orangutans and are learning skills that one day will enable them to live once again in a true wilderness? We follow the progress of the only known albino orangutan on the planet – beautiful Alba as plans are made for her future.
With their rain forest habitat being destroyed by deforestation at an alarming rate there are currently over 300 students going through the school system divided up to suit the age and skill range from babies just a few weeks old, to teenagers and young adults.
Through their lessons in baby nursery, forest school and the island university all these youngsters are adapting to the challenges of being taught survival skills by humans as they also deal with the ever-increasing social pressures of life in a tightly-knit community which could determine the future of their species.
This incredible show has it all: friendship, romance, bullies, danger, drama, raging hormones, fear, humor, medical emergencies, heartache, rescues, reunions, attempted escapes, and even teenage pregnancy! And of course most importantly – actual release for graduates – back into the wild.
You’ve experienced it in your own lives. Now see it play out in the real lives of these orphaned orangutans… many of whom will steal your heart and maybe stop buying excessive products made with palm oil products.
Save the Orangutan Organization / Crickey Conservation Society 2022.
Korean Jang Bogo Research Station Antarctica
Korea is becoming a significant player in Antarctic research and Jang Bogo, by Space Group (South Korea), will be one of the largest year-round bases on the continent when it opens in 2014.
The station’s aerodynamic triple-arm design will provide resistance to the elements and accommodate up to 60 personnel during the busy summer season.
Wrapped in a special aluminum case its extensive glazing offers magnificent panoramic views whilst withstanding powerful winds, below 40 degree Celsius temperatures, blizzards and unfathomable loads.
Located 10,000 miles from the UK on a floating ice shelf, the new station is designed to be self-sufficient, able to withstand freezing winter temperatures of minus 55ºC, have minimal impact on Antarctica’s pristine environment, and be an aesthetically stimulating place to live and work.
Antarctica is Earth’s southernmost continent. It contains the geographic South Pole and is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean.
At 14,000,000 square kilometers (5,400,000 square miles), it is the fifth-largest continent.
For comparison, the continent is nearly twice the size of Australia. The continent is on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the continents. Antarctica is a desert, with annual precipitation of only 200 mm (8 in) along the coast and far less inland.
The Jang Bogo Station in Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica is a permanent South Korean research station. It is the second base of South Korean Antarctic research mission (after King Sejong Station), and the first that is located in mainland Antarctica.
Completed in February 2014,[1] the station houses 15 people in winter and 60 in summer in a 4000 square-metre building with three wings, and is one of the larger permanent bases in Antarctica.
The base, named after an eighth-century maritime ruler of Korea, is located in the Ross Dependency and near the Zucchelli Station of Italy.
It was built by Hyundai Engineering and Construction, with material shipped from Busan to Lyttelton, New Zealand for transfer to the new Korean icebreaker, the RS Araon.
For aeronautic operations such as the transport of personnel or cargo, the base is supported by the Italian Antarctic Program using the ice runway operated by Zucchelli Station in Tethys Bay.
e-Architect.com / Crickey Conservation Society 2022.
Venezuela’s Maracaibo Lake is known as the Lightning Capital of the World
If one likes lightning storms, then the most extreme lightning place on earth is Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela. It has so much lightning that it is known as the lightning capital of the world.
So much lightning lights up Lake Maracaibo, that sailors used to use it to guide their ships and it earned itself the nickname “Lighthouse of Maracaibo.”
Venezuela is a very beautiful country and rich in many things. One can enjoy its tropical beaches, lush rain-forests, and intense displays of lightning. Venezuela has more than just the craziest lightning hot spot in the world, it also boasts Angel Falls – the highest waterfalls in the world.
Lake Maracaibo is a large brackish tidal bay (aka a tidal estuary) and is variously thought of as a lake, bay, or lagoon.
In the past, it was once a true lake and the largest in South America as well as being one of the oldest lakes on Earth – some 20-36 million years old.
The lake is famous for its weather phenomenon called Catatumbo lightning which makes Lake Maracaibo produce more lightning than anywhere else on earth. If one is a lightning enthusiast, consider adding this to a future itinerary.
The lightning is thought to be the result of winds blowing across the lake and the surrounding swampy plains. The air masses meet the high mountain ranges of the Andes, the Perijá Mountains, and Mérida’s Cordillera. These ranges enclose the plain below from three sides.
Towering Mountain Ranges Hem The Lake In From Three Sides Trapping The Air.
Heat and moisture are collected across the low plains and create electrical charges with the end result being many thunderstorms. There is almost continuous lightning (mostly within the clouds).
The area around the lake is also particularly rich in oil and vast quantities have been removed from this region ever since it was discovered. Also gold and diamonds are plentiful in Venezuela.
Since early explorers, Lake Maracaibo has been known as the “Lighthouse of Maracaibo” and its lightning is visible for miles around. It may come as a surprise but the first colonists of Venezuela were not the Spanish but rather the Germans.
Guinness World Record: Lake Maracaibo Holds The Record For The Highest Concentration of Lightning.
It was the Germans who named the colony “Klein-Venedig” or “Little Venice” – that the Spanish later changed to Venezuela.
German activity here lasted from 1528 to 1546 and Venezuela was the most significant part of German colonization of the Americas (there were some others). But eventually the Spanish took over.
According to a study, Africa has the most lightning hot spots in the world, followed by Asia, South America, North America, and Australia (not much happening in Europe).
On average the earth produces around 44 flashes of lightning every second annually. It produces the most (around 55 flashes per second) in the boreal summer and the least (around 35 flashes per second) in the austral summer.
On average, Lake Maracaibo has some 233 flashes per square kilometer every year with thousands occurring per night. Often there is no thunder – just lightning. And the lightning occurs in around 300 nights in the year with September being the peak month.
Unfortunately, for the last 10 years or so, Venezuela has been sanctioned by the USA and IMF at put on a designed people’s list of countries they would never visit. But hopefully in the future things will change and the country will be safe to visit again. It is a very rewarding country to explore.
So for the greatest density of lighting in the world, go to Venezuela. But if one is in Africa (and especially DR Congo with five of the top 10 world lightning hot spots) one can find many lightning hotspots lighting up the sky.
The Travel.com / ABC Flash Point News 2022.
Suriname History Legend
First explored by the Spaniards in the 16th century and then settled by the English in the mid-17th century, Suriname became a Dutch colony in 1667. With the abolition of African slavery in 1863, other labor workers were brought in from India and colonial Java, Indonesia, forcing former slave tribes into the jungle.
The Netherlands granted the colony its so-called independence in 1975. Five years later, the civilian government was replaced by its military leaders that soon declared Suriname a socialist republic.
It continued to exert control through a succession of nominally civilian administrations until 1987, when international pressure finally forced a democratic style election.
In 1990, the military overthrew the civilian leadership, but another elected government – a four-party coalition – returned to power in 1991.
The coalition expanded to eight parties in 2005 and ruled until August 2010, when voters returned former military leader Desire Bouterse and his opposition coalition to power.
President Bouterse was again reelected unopposed in 2015. Opposition parties campaigned hard against Bouterse in the lead up to the May 2020 elections and, in July 2020, a Dutch imposed coalition led by Chandrikapersad Santokhi’s VHP and another military coupe-leader Ronnie Brunswijk’s ABOP was installed.
The SANTOKHI government promised to tackle Covid-19, the economic crisis it inherited due to sanctions and other type of restrictions, due to American and Dutch government corruption and imprisonment schemes.
Suriname’s border with Brazil is 515 km long, while its border with French Guyana stretches 556 km. Its maritime border totals 386 km and is the smallest divide. The largest national border extends 836 km with a British South American country, just called Guyana.
The climate is tropical, moderated by trade winds, while the terrain exists of rolling hills and has a narrow coastal plain with swamps. The highest point is Juliana Top at 1230 meters in altitude.
Natural resources are mostly managed by foreign entities control its oil reserves (Chevron-Rockefeller), timber (Bruynzeel), hydro-power, fish, kaolin, shrimp, bauxite, gold, and small amounts of nickel, copper, platinum, iron ore.
Billiton in Suriname is one of the world’s largest mining companies, it is involved in the production of iron, steel, copper, silver, aluminum, oil and gas. The company also has interests in engineering and transportation. BHP Billiton’s headquarters are in Melbourne, Australia.
CIA World Fact Book / Crickey Conservation Society 2022.
Polar bears caught feeding on a Whale Carcass in the Arctic
Polar bears in the Arctic struggle more and more to get a good meal. Sea ice is declining because of climate change, forcing polar bears to retreat to land, away from their main prey of seals.
Then a dead sperm whale appeared on a beach in Svaldbard, Norway, providing a well-needed meal for the bears. This majestic scene was captured by wildlife film-maker Jeff Wilson who was in the area directing the Disney nature film Polar Bear.
Wilson explained that when there’s enough food, there’s little competition between the bears. That’s when you get really interesting interactions. It was just a whole bunch of bears happy in their own skin, playing with one another.
And this sperm whale may have been feeding bears for two years. It has re-appeared after winter ended and the ice melted. We believe there’s about 3 billion calories in a sperm whale.
While this plentiful meal can satiate the polar bears for now, their population is still at risk. Their future is very bleak, said Wilson. Solutions depend on humanity shifting its lifestyle and energy consumption if polar bears are to have any chance at all.
Polar bears live for about 25 to 30 years and weigh a whopping 900 to 1,600 pounds.
They live in the Arctic and are extremely good swimmers. In fact, some were spotted swimming hundreds of miles from land, sometimes using sheets of ice as a floating device.
Because of their freezing habitat, they rely on their thick fur coats and layers of fat to keep them warm. Even the bottom of their paws have fur to protect from the cold and help them grip ice.
While they are known for their stark white coat that blends into their snowy environment, the skin underneath is black to attract the warmth from the sun.
As far as food goes, polar bears mostly prey on seals, frequenting areas of ice where seals may surface for air. But they would also eat carcasses, like dead whales in this case.
These bears are the top of the food chain with no natural enemies. They don’t typically fear people, making those kinds of encounters extremely dangerous.
The Premier Daily / Crickey Conservation Society 2022.
What makes the Ring of Fire so Dangerous
The Ring of Fire is over 40,200 km (25,000 miles) long chain of tectonic activity, including earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains, islands, and natural disasters. That activity is sometimes devastating for the region. However, it also played a key part in creating it.
This area in the South Pacific where three plate tectonics regularly interact, is causing earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Commonly known as the Ring of Fire, it goes through the coasts of South and North America, Asia, and New Zealand.
It is home to the world’s deepest trench- the Mariana Trench (11 km or over 7 miles under sea level). The earthquakes happen due to the tension created when the plates move sideways past one another.
In the places where plates are subducted (one moves under another), geological structures like mountains and trenches appear. When the rock is subducted, it turns to magma, and that causes volcanic activity.
The Earth’s tectonic plates lay on lava, and because of that, they aren’t stable. The Ring of Fire is a unique place, where many of them meet and interact with each other.
In America, the Cocos Plate and the Nazca Plate are subducted by the South American Plate. Moreover, the first one is also subducted by the Caribbean Plate. The North American Plate subducts the Pacific, which is also subducted to the south in Japan.
In southwest Asia, smaller plates interact with each other and the Pacific Plate, creating a complex system. The collisions and subduction of plates cause 90% of earthquakes globally. They also change the geology of every region within their reach.
The Andes and their volcanic belt formed due to the subduction of the Nazca and Antarctic Plates under the South American Plate. There are four major volcanic zones, separated by volcanism-free gaps. The Northern Volcanic Zone extends from Colombia to Ecuador.
The Central goes through Peru and Chile, and the Southern through central Chile. Finally, the Austral Volcanic Zone goes through Patagonia. Besides volcanic activity, the region is full of geothermal activity with its hot springs and geysers. It could be a source of clean energy; however, it’s not used now.
The North American part of the Ring of Fire goes through the American Cordillera. There is a 900km volcanic activity belt in central-southern Mexico, called the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. The Cascadia subduction zone is home to 20 major volcanoes in the US.
It also produces earthquakes with a magnitude of 9 or even higher! The most recently active region is Alaska, Mount Redoubt erupted in 2009. It also holds the record for the world’s second-largest earthquake.
In Canada, tectonic activity appears in various areas, including British Columbia, Yukon, and Vancouver. Many unique volcanic forms, including tuyas, can be found nearby Canadian volcanoes.
About 10% of the world’s volcanoes are in Japan, and 1500 earthquakes are recorded each year. That phenomenon appears due to the Pacific Plate’s subduction and the Philippine Sea Plate.
The largest recorded earthquake in the country (and 5th in the world) happened in March 2011; it was a 9 magnitude earthquake. Other natural disasters, including tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, cyclones, are frequent.
In Indonesia and the Philippines, the world’s most active volcanoes are responsible for many catastrophes and a dozen of thousands of deaths. Finally, the Russian Kamchatka Peninsula is also a very active region, with 160 volcanoes, 29 active.
The North Island of New Zealand is home to many active, youthful volcanoes. Earthquakes appear quite frequently due to interaction between the Indo-Australian and Pacific plates. Wellington, the country’s capital, is within the highest-risk zone.
Finally, the Ring of Fire is completed by Antarctica in the south. There are many volcanoes due to the Antarctic Plate’s interaction with the surrounding structures.
In the second half of the 19th-century, scientists first concluded that the Japanese Islands lay in a ‘circle’ that went through Pacific shores. Today we know it is the most tectonically active region in the world. 81% of major earthquakes appear within the Ring of Fire.
There is also a lot of volcanic activity; 22 of the 25 largest eruptions appeared in the last 11,700 years. California’s transform fault (a border between the Pacific and North American plates), called the San Andreas Fault, generates a dozen micro-earthquakes every day.
However, there are too weak, and humans don’t feel them. Another fault, the Queen Charlotte Fault, is in British Columbia, and in 1949 it generated Canada’s largest recorded earthquake, magnitude.
Secrets of Universe / Crickey Conservation Foundation 2022.
Lake Tanganyika holds 16% of the World’s Fresh Water
Lake Tanganyika flows through 4 African countries: a little in each of Burundi & Zambia, & more than 40% in each of the Democratic Republic of Congo & Tanzania, making this the second largest (& second deepest) lake in the world.
The lake holds 16% of the world’s available freshwater & this biologically rich habitat is home to around 500 fish species that stay within 20 meters of its warm, well-oxygenated surface.
Two beautiful rain-forests border the lake: the spectacular Mahale Mountains National Park & the Gombe Stream National Park. Both parks are known to offer excellent chimpanzee trekking safaris & are also home to a variety of other primates, forest birds & butterflies.
Mahale Mountains National Park is home to the world’s largest population of chimpanzees & is – without a doubt – one of the most beautiful national parks in Tanzania.
Visitors to Lake Tanganyika are spoils for choice! They can choose between water activities such as diving, snorkeling & sailing or land-based activities such as forest hikes or excursions to local fishing villages.
Of course, the highlight of Mahale Mountains National Park is exciting chimpanzee trekking safaris through the rain forest – most definitely one for the bucket list!
Tanzania was colonized in a process parallel to many other African settlements. The Europeans took over the native’s land which caused trouble and resistance. Ultimately, it was a long and strenuous process for the proud people of Tanzania to gain their independence.
Tanzania was under German rule from 1880 to 1919 and was occupied by the British from 1919 to 1961. Germany came to power through their trade and establishment of the land and crops.
As the Germans colonized, they produced crops such as sisal, cotton, and plantation-grown rubber.
They also profited and sold items like coffee, copra, sesame, and peanuts. Germany’s aggressive actions caused resistance by the Arabs along the coast. The people of Tanzania were treated poorly; moreover, 75,000 Africans were killed due to German military action or lack of food.
During World War I British and Belgian forces occupied Tanzania. The British developed the territories economy, giving Africans the opportunity work for wages on plantations.
Tanganyika gained its independence from Britain in 1961 and Zanzibar gained its freedom in 1963. In 1964 The Republic of Tanzania was formed by the union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar.
In conclusion, the Tanzanians overcame the obstacles the Germans put forth. The Republic of Tanzania proudly gained its independence at the same time as many of its neighboring countries. These breakthroughs in Africa history were signs for civil right movements to come.
Africa Unwind Company / Crickey Conservation Society 2022.
Top Ten Pesticide-Soaked Fruits and Vegetables to Avoid in the USA
About one billion pounds of conventional, synthetic pesticides are used each year in the United States to control weeds, insects, and other so-called pests.
This number began rising in the mid-1990’s, with the advent of genetically modified foods, which are engineered in a lab to withstand large spraying of Roundup herbicides. Other GMO crops such as Bt corn produce pesticides within the plant itself.
These crops are typically used to make processed food products like corn chips, including America’s favorite brand which was recently busted for misleading “natural” labels.
The overuse of pesticides is a real problem in the United States, and it shows no signs of slowing.
In order to educate consumers on the pitfalls of pesticide use, the Environmental Working Group (EWG) releases lists each year warning consumers about the dangers of pesticides in certain crops.
Based on this year’s lists, the top ten pesticide-soaked crops to avoid are as follows:
10. Pears – With their soft skin, pears are one of the most vulnerable crops to pesticide residues soaking into them. They came in number ten on this year’s list in large part because of the sheer number of pesticides found within.
9. Peaches – A gourmet fruit sold at a premium price, peaches also have soft skin and were detected to carry a relatively toxic load of synthetic pesticides. The more you consume pesticide-laced fruits and vegetables like these, the more likely you will find pesticide residues in your blood.
8. Cherries – More than 90% of cherry samples tested positive for two or more synthetic pesticides.
7. Bell and hot peppers – Peppers have been on the EWG’s list for years, including in recent years when two types of hot peppers were discovered to be extraordinarily toxic, poisoning a certain group of consumers.
Recent research has shown that non-organic hot peppers could contain trace levels of highly hazardous pesticides that are highly toxic to the human body, according to recent research.
With this in mind, organic hot peppers are worth the extra money.
6. Grapes –Grapes are one of the healthiest foods for the lymphatic system. But if you consume non-organic grapes regularly, the pesticides within could take a serious toll. More than 90 percent of non-organic grape samples tested positive for two or more pesticides this year.
5. Apples – Apples are seen as the most wholesome food you could ever eat. Rich in pectin, a fiber that binds to and removes toxins from the body, and other key nutrients, apples are a nutritional powerhouse.
But conventional U.S. apples have been banned in Europe due to pesticides that are not allowed overseas.
4. Nectarines – More than 90% of nectarine samples also tested positive for two or more pesticides on this year’s EWG list.
Nectarines have soft skin which means it is difficult to fully wash off pesticide residues, even if you decide to use the number one most effective method.
3. Kale, Collard and Mustard Greens – One sample of kale, collard and mustard greens had as much as 21 pesticide residues. You’re better off buying organic whenever possible.
2. Spinach – More than 90% of spinach also tested positive for two or more pesticide residues on this year’s list.
In recent years, spinach tested to have the most pesticide residue by weight of any produce item, and it may be especially harmful to children if consumed too often.
1. Strawberries-
These soft-skin fruits finished number one for dirtiest produce item in the United States this year.
Previous tests on strawberries have found up to 54 different pesticide residues.
Conventional strawberries may be cheap and delicious, but they exact a price in terms of our health, the health of farmers, and the health of our soil and environment.
Alt Health Works / Crickey Conservation Society 2022.
Crickey Amigu di Natura 